Family Tree of Ptolemy Xii Auletes Ptolemy Claudius Cleopatra
Affiliate three. PTOLEMY AND DATA OF Archaeology Although all this news about Russia in the north of modernistic Poland does not say annihilation near the time of the appearance of the Rus in this region, the above-mentioned Ptolemy, the almost outstanding geographer of antiquity, tin help us in this. When describing the Great
Ptolemy We can safely exit across our consideration ane and a half centuries, which separated Strabo from Ptolemy. During this period, new facts were accumulated, some areas of the ecumene were investigated in more detail, but nothing meaning was done,
From the book History of Natural Science in the Age of Hellenism and the Roman Empire the author Rozhansky Ivan Dmitrievich From the book Cleopatra: A Dearest and Reign Story author Pushnova JuliaSpouse and brother Ptolemy XIV A few days later on Caesar announced the end of the war, he announced his decision virtually how he sees the future of Egypt. This decision was expected and feared. Information technology could bring such changes that would entail a complete loss
The Queen of Egypt Cleopatra was born in 69 BC. e, and died in thirty BC. NS. She lived a relatively short but bright life, leaving backside many secrets and mysteries. 2 k years take passed since the death of this astonishing adult female, and humanity cannot forget her proper noun.
The origin of Cleopatra was the most noble. She belonged to the Ptolemaic dynasty, who ruled Egypt for 300 years. The founder of the dynasty was Ptolemy Lag or Ptolemy I, son of Lag. He was a armed forces leader nether Alexander the Great, and subsequently his death he founded a divide country in Arab republic of egypt - the and so-called Hellenistic Arab republic of egypt with its upper-case letter in the city of Alexandria.
Nether Ptolemy Lage, the Library of Alexandria began to be created and the Alexandria Lighthouse was almost completely built, which is considered today one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The descendants connected the parent's piece of work. They breathed new life into Ancient Egypt and turned it into a strong and rich ability with an educated and highly cultured population.
In the Ptolemaic dynasty, information technology was considered compulsory to enter into marriages betwixt siblings. That is, at that place was incest. At the time, it was considered a common practice among the pharaohs and Macedonian kings. So the Ptolemies did not invent anything new. They, having taken possession of the royal crown, adopted this tradition from the crowned persons who expert this for millennia.
It is believed that with incest, the genus gradually degenerates. But, equally practice has proved, nothing of the kind happened among the Ptolemies. For three hundred years, the closest relatives gave nascency to each other. At the same fourth dimension, no terrible hereditary diseases were observed. All the crowned persons were salubrious in body and caput. Clear proof of this is Cleopatra - the product of 300 years of incest.
Childhood of Cleopatra
When she was born, Hellenistic Egypt was already in decline. The dynasty was torn autonomously past endless strife for the throne, and the Roman Commonwealth was apace gaining strength in the northward. Reigned at this time Ptolemy XII- the father of our heroine. He became very close with the Romans, which after became the cause of the death of the ability entrusted to him.
Cleopatra had two sisters: the elder Berenice and the younger Arsinoe. They played a sure function in the fate of our heroine. It all began in 58 BC. east, when the Roman legions landed in Republic of cyprus. The isle had close ties with Arab republic of egypt, as it was also ruled by representatives of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Simply Ptolemy XII, bound by obligations with the Roman Commonwealth, did not support the people of Cyprus.
This caused a tempest of indignation in Alexandria. The angry people were gear up to tear to pieces the male monarch, and he fled to Rome, taking Cleopatra with him. The eldest daughter Berenice remained in the capital. She proclaimed herself a queen, becoming Berenice 4 in 58 BC. NS. Ancient historians annotation that this woman had a very cute appearance, but her intelligence left much to be desired.
In 55 BC. NS. Egypt was invaded by Roman troops led Aulus Gabinius- a prominent political effigy of the commonwealth, just a bribe-taker and a rogue. His task was to return power to Ptolemy XII. Alexandria was taken by tempest, and the exiled king again received power. With the support of Gabinius, he staged a massacre in Alexandria and destroyed all his political opponents.
Berenice 4 was cut off past the Roman legionnaires and brought to his male parent on a gilded tray. Ptolemy XII took simply 1 look at what was left of his daughter. Merely our heroine, who was hiding very shut at that time, examined her head very advisedly. The bloody scene made an indelible impression on the fourteen-year-old daughter.
The commencement of the reign
The hereafter queen had very good relations with her father. In 51 BC. NS. the king savage seriously ill. Feeling close to the end, he appointed Cleopatra co-ruler. At this fourth dimension she turned 18 years old. Having received the title of queen, the daughter began to be called Cleopatra Seven.
Soon Ptolemy XII died, and her younger brother became the co-ruler of the young queen. Ptolemy Xiii... At the time of coming to power, the boy was 10 years sometime. Later on, the brother and sis were to give birth to heirs so that they would continue the royal family. But fate decreed quite differently.
The newly-made queen had no feelings for her younger brother. He likewise treated his sister with coolness. A circumvolve of ambitious subjects formed effectually the boy. Their desire was quite understandable - to rule the state on behalf of the kid. Simply our heroine confused all the cards.
Coin with the image of Cleopatra
The Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, was distinguished by her outstanding intelligence and potent grapheme. There was no way to push her around. The girl strove for accented power. She also wanted to rid the country of Roman dependence and plow Egypt into a strong power, which it was under the first Ptolemies.
Surrounded by the young tsar, the eunuch Potin and the male child's teacher Theodat prepare the tone. They had a tremendous influence on Ptolemy XIII and dreamed of uncontrolled and accented power. Skillfully playing on the appetite of other subjects, these people organized a conspiracy. His goal was to kill Cleopatra. But the young queen found out in time about the impending crime. In 48 BC. NS. she, together with her younger sister Arsinoe, fled past transport to the lands of Syria.
Here the queen managed to gather a mercenary army, borrowing money from local rulers and merchants. The girl had an amazing charm and eloquence. Men were thrilled in front of her and could not reject money. Equally a result, Cleopatra 7 stood at the head of a fairly strong military unit.
Her fighting detachments marched quickly towards Alexandria. They reached the Nile delta and ended upwardly nigh the fortress of Pelusius, where the troops of Ptolemy XIII blocked their way. But while the opponents were preparing for boxing, fate made its own adjustments.
In the Roman Republic at this time in that location was a struggle for power between Gnei Pompey and Julius Caesar. Once these ii men were allies and fought together against the Senate. Simply everything flows, everything changes. Pompey and Caesar found themselves on opposite sides of the barricades, as they became leaders of completely different political forces. The get-go expressed the interests of the wealthy aristocracy (dignity), and the second defended the plebs.
In the summer of 48 BC. NS. the battle of Pharsalus took place betwixt these political opponents. Gnaeus Pompey suffered a crushing defeat. He fled from the winner. Get-go he ended up on the island of Lesvos, then in Republic of cyprus, and from at that place he went to Egypt, counting on his military aid.
At that moment, when the troops of the exiled Egyptian queen and her younger brother were about to enter into a encarmine confrontation, the unfortunate Roman commander appeared on a ship near Pelusium. He was met by those shut to Ptolemy XIII: Potin, Theodatus and the commander Achilles.
Simply Pompey hoped for help in vain. They don't like the losers, and they always bow their heads to the winners. Therefore, to earn Caesar'south affection and sympathy, the Egyptians killed the in one case formidable and smashing Pompey.
Afterwards 3 days, Gaius Julius Caesar himself appears in Alexandria. The Egyptian male monarch'due south associates obligingly presented him with the severed caput of a former political enemy. They counted on the Roman leader's favor, but the reaction was exactly the opposite.
Only Caesar could decide what to practise with Pompey. The Egyptians, on the other hand, showed an unhealthy initiative and did not at all take into account the character of a proud and domineering person. With their shortsighted and stupid deportment, they irritated the dictator. But he was an experienced political leader, so he did non show his anger outwardly. He had to first understand the political situation in Egypt, and only then make specific decisions.
Co-ordinate to Roman custom, the torso and caput of the slain were cremated and buried with honors. They cached the ashes at the walls of Alexandria, and on this site they erected a sanctuary dedicated to Nemesis. In ancient Greek mythology, Nemesis is the goddess of vengeance. The Romans besides revered this goddess, leaving her name unchanged, although the names of other Greek gods were renamed in their own way. By erecting the sanctuary, they seemed to emphasize that they would take revenge on the Egyptians for the death of Pompey.
The love matter of Caesar and Cleopatra
Soon, Caesar understands the prevailing opposition in the country. He declares that he will have on the role of arbiter and will effort to sort out the feuds between the king and queen. A messenger is sent to Cleopatra with a proposal to come to Alexandria and meet with the Roman dictator. The girl has no choice but to consent. Only she cannot openly announced in the urban center, as she is afraid of being killed by her brother's henchmen.
The way out, even so, is found rapidly. The queen gets into a boat with her devoted admirer Apollodorus and thus ends upwards in Alexandria. But you even so need to become into the palace and see the formidable Roman commander. This task is rather difficult, since in that location are a lot of people of Ptolemy Thirteen in the palace chambers, and they all know the girl by sight.
Cleopatra climbs into a big bag intended for bed linen, Apollodorus puts information technology on his shoulder and passes unhindered into the rooms where Gaius Julius Caesar is.
Cleopatra appears before Caesar with a carpeting at her feet. Allegedly, in it the queen was carried to the palace by her faithful man. In reality, she was carried in a bedding pocketbook.
The young queen appears before a formidable dictator and makes an indelible impression on a mature human being who has already exchanged a 50 dollar nib. The Roman is fascinated, but political interests come first. Withal, he had long ago decided to bet on the queen, moreover, this is fully consequent with the royal volition of the tardily Ptolemy XII.
The next morn, the dictator declares to the young king that he considers Cleopatra the legitimate heir to the throne and sees no reason to deprive her of the royal dignity. The crowned boy is furious. He runs out of the palace and shouts to the crowd standing in the foursquare that the Romans take betrayed him. People kickoff to worry. But Caesar comes out to them and reads the will of the deceased king. The people calm down and disperse.
Ptolemy Xiii has no choice but to come up to terms with the decision of the dictator, but the eunuch Potin decides to turn the tide. He, on behalf of the young rex, raises the Egyptian troops to fight the Romans. All this translates into hostilities both on state and at sea. The result is a big fire in Alexandria. At the same fourth dimension, near of the priceless manuscripts stored in the Library of Alexandria are burned.
Roman legionaries ruthlessly suppress the uprising, and the eunuch is captured and brought to the dictator. He orders him to be executed, and the political state of affairs in the city is temporarily normalized. Only shortly a new uprising flared upwardly, equally the locals were non happy with the behavior of the legionnaires. They openly rob the population, rape women, that is, they behave like real invaders, not allies.
This insurgence is already led past a immature male monarch. The people press the legionnaires, and they find themselves surrounded in the majestic palace. Caesar finds himself in a very difficult situation. Cleopatra is with him, since the human relationship betwixt the dictator and the young queen has long ceased to be official and turned into close and intimate.
The Romans are rescued by legions who arrived in fourth dimension from the province of Asia. This is the territory of the former Kingdom of Pergamon, located in the northwest of Asia Minor (today it is known every bit the historical region of Mizia).
Fresh Roman troops force the Egyptians to retreat from the city. They camp near the Nile River, which is a strategic mistake. Legionnaires attack the place of deployment of the troops of the young king, and they suffer a burdensome defeat.
This celebrated event takes identify in mid-Jan 47 BC. NS. Ptolemy XIII with his surviving adherents tries to flee the land. They have several ships, but the main Egyptian armada recognizes Cleopatra VII as queen. Rebel ships cannot suspension the blockade and sink. Together with everyone, the young king likewise perishes. At the time of his death, he is non yet 15 years quondam.
Power over Egypt is concentrated in the easily of the immature queen. She appoints her youngest sibling as her co-regent. Ptolemy Xiv... In 47 BC. NS. he is merely turning 13 years one-time.
The new rulers are throwing lavish celebrations. A huge fleet of 400 festively decorated ships sails along the Nile. The crowned brother and sis and Julius Caesar are on the deck of ane of them. The people rejoice and rejoice. Finally, the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, gains full ability. Truthful, it is limited by the Roman protectorate, just this just plays into the hands of a young woman. At its disposal are 3 legions (a legion is a military unit numbering about v chiliad people).
Guy Julius Caesar
At the beginning of June, the dictator leaves for Rome, and literally 3 weeks later, the young queen starts fighting. She gives birth to a boy and calls him Ptolemy Caesar... The unabridged purple environment understands whose kid this is. He is given a nickname Caesarion... It is with him that the male child goes down in history.
A twelvemonth passes, and Julius Caesar summons his crowned brothers and sister to Rome. There is a formal reason for this. Determination of an alliance betwixt the Roman Democracy and Egypt. But the real reason is that the dictator missed his beloved.
In the uppercase, visitors are given full disposal of a luxurious villa immersed in gardens on the banks of the Tiber River. Here the dictator's honey takes over the Roman nobility. Everyone is in a bustle to pay their respects to the queen, because this likewise means reverence for Caesar.
Merely at that place are many people in Rome who are very irritated by this. The state of affairs is aggravated by the fact that an elderly lover ordered to make a statue of his favorite. He ordered to place it next to the altar of the goddess Venus.
A happy existence lasts a petty over two and a half years. In mid-March 44 BC. NS. Roman dictator killed past conspirators... A month afterwards, the Egyptian male monarch and queen leave Rome. They return to Alexandria in July, and at the end of August Ptolemy XIV dies at the age of 16. The death of the swain is directly associated with Cleopatra. She had a son from Caesar who could legally get a co-ruler. Therefore, my brother was no longer needed. It can be assumed that this is really so, given the mores of those distant times.
The love affair of Mark Antony and Cleopatra
Subsequently the bump-off of Julius Caesar in the Roman Republic, a struggle began between two political forces. On the i hand, the assassinator of the dictator Marcus Junius Brutus and 1 of the principal organizers of the conspiracy, Guy Cassius, fought for power, and on the other, the Caesarians: Mark Antony and future first Roman emperor Octavian Augustus.
This internecine war could non merely affect Egypt, since the hostilities took place in the eastern Mediterranean. Even a relatively young queen had to show political flexibility and wisdom in order non to be mistaken in her choice and to back up those forces that could later win.
At first, Cleopatra relied on Caesar's killers and supported Guy Cassius. But she did this not openly, just through her governor in Cyprus. Nonetheless, in 42 BC. NS. the conspirators' troops were defeated at the Battle of Philippi. Cassius committed suicide, and iii weeks later on Brutus did the same on himself.
The supporters of the killed dictator won the victory. The queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, could not stand up aside and wait for what policy Rome would brainstorm to pursue towards her. In 41 BC. NS. she gets on a ship and sails to Cilicia. This is the southeastern region of Asia Pocket-sized. Marker Antony is in it with his legions. He is preparing to march against the Parthians.
While living in Rome, the queen occasionally met with this man, since he was part of Caesar's entourage. Cleopatra is good at understanding people. She had a general idea of Antonia long ago. He is extremely vain, loves external brilliance and does not let a single pretty woman laissez passer by.
Marking Antony
Mark Antony is younger than Caesar. In 41 BC. NS. he is 42 years old. Cleopatra is 28 years sometime. By age, they are perfect for each other. The queen arranges the kickoff coming together very luxuriously. She did not spare coin for the expensive decoration of the ship, to which she invited the Roman leader.
From this coming together, a passionate dearest affair between Anthony and the Egyptian queen begins. It has been going on for nigh 11 years, but it is difficult to say what prevailed in it: love or sober political adding. The woman needed the political loyalty of Rome, and her lover needed coin to support her legionnaires.
Merely be that as it may, the feelings of the Roman were and then stiff that he abandoned the army in Asia Minor, and he himself left for Alexandria with his beloved. For six months they indulged in an idle life, enjoying feasts and amorous amusements.
However, feelings are feelings, and politics is politics. In twoscore BC. NS. the Parthians invaded the lands of the Roman Republic. They captured the due south of Asia Minor and Syria. Mark Antony leaves his mistress and hurries to the identify of hostilities, but is defeated past the Parthians and leaves for Rome. In the "eternal city" he decides political and personal affairs, while Cleopatra is entering a new stage in her life.
The fact is that in 40 BC. NS. she gives nascence to two twins from her new lover: a male child and a girl. The beginning one gets a proper noun Alexander Helios, and the second is chosen Cleopatra Selena... Helios means "Sun" and Selena means "Moon".
Merely at the stop of 37 BC. NS. the love run into once again. Mark Antony begins a entrada against the Parthians and comes to Antioch (a urban center in the southeastern office of Asia Minor). The queen of Arab republic of egypt, Cleopatra, is also in a hurry there. This time, her lover is in luck. He defeats the troops of the Parthians, liberates the territories they occupied and establishes Roman rule in them. In item, the Great Herod becomes king of Judea with the full support of Anthony.
Egypt also benefits from this. Cleopatra is transferred to the previously selected Cyprus, equally well every bit several large cities on the Syrian and Cilician declension. The possessions of the Ptolemaic dynasty are expanding significantly and are about approaching the borders that were nether Ptolemy Lage. That is, the cherished dream of a woman is being fulfilled - to gain absolute ability and make the country as powerful equally it was under the commencement Ptolemies.
But the further course of events negates a lot. At the end of 37 BC. NS. Anthony begins a campaign against the Parthians, which ends with the complete defeat of the Roman ground forces by the leap of the post-obit twelvemonth.
Cleopatra at this time gives birth to another child from Anthony. A boy is born and gets a name Ptolemy Philadelphus... All this does not like Rome at all. The time to come first Roman emperor Octavian Augustus sends his married woman Octavia, who is Augustus'due south sister, to Mark Antony. Simply it just reaches Greece. Here she is met by a messenger from her husband, who demands that the married woman immediately return to Rome. The reason for such a categorical demand was the Egyptian queen. She told her lover that she would commit suicide if his wife came.
In 35 BC. NS. Mark Anthony attacks Armenia, inflicts a crushing defeat on the troops of Tsar Artavazd II and places his protege Atropatena on the Armenian throne. But the victorious triumph (the solemn procession of the victors) celebrates not in Rome, but in Alexandria. At the same time, the mistress and their mutual children walk aslope the winner.
Afterwards that, the situation gets even worse. An overdone lover proclaims his son Ptolemy Philadelphus the king of Armenia. Alexander Helios is assigned the lands of Asia Minor and Syria. Cleopatra Selene is given by a mad father to Cyrenaica (a region in North Africa), and Caesarion is proclaimed rex of kings.
All this causes in Rome at first indignation, and and so rage. It can already be seen with the naked eye that Anthony is breaking with the republic and is following the lead of the Egyptian queen.
The further course of events characterizes the love couple simply from the negative side. They behave defiantly and completely cease to reckon with the Roman Commonwealth. Plainly Cleopatra was dizzy with success, and she lost her political flair. Her lover was by and large stunned by an backlog of feelings. Trampling on all Roman traditions and norms, he recognizes the Egyptian queen as his wife and bequeathed to bury himself after death in Alexandria. This act discredits Antony in the eyes of Roman citizens, and his authority falls sharply.
Octavian August
In 32 BC. NS. Octavian Augustus declares state of war on the Egyptian queen... He loudly declares that this insidious woman sexually enslaved their former faithful companion and is the concentration of all earthly evil. The statement of the time to come emperor evokes understanding and blessing among the Romans.
Legions from the outskirts of the republic are chosen in to defend Roman virtue. At the head of this regular army becomes Mark Vipsanius Agrippa... This is August's closest friend and peer. They were born in the same year - 63 BC. NS. These people are 6 years younger than Cleopatra, but they understand politics more than and have not lost their heads from success.
Lovers equip a large regular army, since the financial capabilities of the Egyptian queen are in no way junior to those of Rome. They take a huge fleet of 700 ships and strong footing forces. But Antony acts sluggishly and hesitantly. He is concentrating his armed services forces on the shores of Western Hellenic republic in club to strike from there on Italia. However, the troops of Agrippa landed a trivial farther north in Epirus (western lands of Ancient Greece) and thwarted all the plans of the lovers.
Agrippa blockaded the Egyptian fleet in the Ambracian Gulf. Lovers decide for a quantum. In early September 31 BC. NS. the famous naval battle at Cape Actium... The chore of the Egyptians was to break through the Roman occludent. In general, they succeeded. The queen and her lover managed to sail out into the open sea with some of the ships. But the main office of the fleet failed to break through. The ground forces were too left without support. All these forces surrendered to Agrippa, and went over to his side.
The further course of events indicates that Mark Antony is completely morally decayed. He lost all desire to resist the troops of Augustus. He has turned into a lethargic and weak-willed person who has crossed the fifty-year mark. At that time, this age was considered already respectable and virtually senile.
In the early on spring of 30 BC. NS. Roman troops landed in Egypt. Immediately began a massive transition to their side of the regular troops of the queen. Nobody resisted the invaders. Fifty-fifty the death penalty of some military leaders and their family members did not aid.
Information technology all ended on Baronial 1, xxx BC. BC when the Roman legions entered Alexandria. The queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, locked herself with 2 maidservants in a recently congenital tomb for herself. Mark Antony, upon learning of this, thought that his mistress had committed suicide and, according to Roman tradition, threw himself on the sword. Notwithstanding, he did non die immediately and managed to reach the tomb, where, as information technology seemed to him, he would detect the corpse of his dear. But she, in full health, rushed to the mortally wounded Anthony, and he expired in her arms.
After that, the woman who had lost the royal power took a dagger in her hands, demonstrating her readiness to die. Merely she was stopped past the voices of the Roman legionnaires. Augustus ordered them to bring Cleopatra to him safe and sound. The uncrowned queen did not resist the soldiers. She gave them her weapon and resigned herself to fate.
Most likely, in her soul there was a blink of promise to come to an agreement with August. Perhaps she hoped to go on the kingdom behind her. Only at 5 minutes, the emperor turned out to be more resistant to female charms than Caesar and Antony. Information technology should also be borne in mind that the woman was already 38 years one-time. She gave birth to 4 children. All this negatively affected her appearance.
Octavian did not succumb to the spell of our heroine, merely behaved calmly and politely with her. He immune Anthony to be buried, and then ordered him to be in the royal chambers with a md and maids. Yet, he did not say a give-and-take about her futurity hereafter.
The dethroned Queen of Arab republic of egypt had many admirers and admirers. One of them told her in dandy secrecy about Octavian'southward plans. He planned to go to Rome in a few days and take the seductress Anthony with him in guild to lead her during the triumph in shackles through the streets of the "eternal city".
For an arrogant and domineering woman, such a shame was considered worse than decease. In addition, it was the collapse of all her hopes, and life lost all meaning. A proud representative of the Ptolemaic dynasty decides to commit suicide.
Suicide of Cleopatra and her loyal maids
August 30, 30 BC NS. Queen of Egypt Cleopatra Takes Poison, which was prudently hidden many days agone in personal belongings. She dies on a luxurious bed, and 2 devoted maids are sent with her to another earth.
The legionnaires who outburst into the chambers notice only lifeless bodies. August falls into despair, considering at present the victorious triumph is losing all its amuse. He orders to make a statue of a adult female from clay. It goes 2 months later in a cart through the streets of Rome to the enthusiastic shouts of the oversupply.
The fate of the children of the Egyptian queen is unenviable. Augustus Octavian ordered the execution of Caesar'due south son Caesarion (Ptolemy Xv). The human activity is non very beautiful, since Baronial himself was the adopted son of the dictator. The boyfriend died at the historic period of 17 a week earlier than his female parent. Ptolemy Xv is officially considered the last pharaoh of Ancient Arab republic of egypt.
The children of Mark Antony were led in shackles through the streets of Rome during their triumph. Among the citizens of Rome, such a mockery of small and weak people aroused indignation. Augustus, in order to justify himself in the eyes of the people, had no choice but to give them to the upbringing of Octavia - his own sister and widow of the tardily Mark Anthony.
In 29 BC. NS. at the age of 11, Alexander Helios dies from an unknown disease. After 3 months at the age of 7, Ptolemy Philadelphus leaves for another globe. Only Cleopatra Selena lives to be 46 years old. In 20 BC. er, when she becomes an developed 20-year-former girl, she is married off to the ruler of Mauritania (not to be dislocated with Islamic republic of mauritania). This is a state in North Africa - today the western regions of Algeria. Selena becomes a queen, like her mother. Her profile is immortalized on coins.
The farther course of history is filled with various of import events. Egypt loses its independence and turns into a Roman province. In 27 BC. NS. power in the Roman Republic is undergoing pregnant restoration. Octavian Baronial founds principate and, in fact, becomes the first emperor of ancient Rome. Virtually 15 years subsequently, Jesus Christ is built-in. Then a new era of human culture begins, in which people remain to this mean solar day.
Conclusion
The Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, was undoubtedly an outstanding person. At the same time, contemporaries are rather restrained in describing her appearance. The woman had a large olfactory organ and a heavy chin. But the effigy was slender and graceful. Added to this is a deep voice and intelligent, discerning optics.
Every bit a child, the representative of the Ptolemaic dynasty received an excellent educational activity. She was fluent in 6 languages, well versed in verse, knew medicine and mathematics. All this speaks of the desire for self-knowledge, since the aboriginal Greeks never sought to give daughters versatile knowledge.
This Cleopatra is presented in Hollywood
Our heroine was well versed in men and possessed dandy charm, which successfully compensated for some of the flaws in her advent. But, along with intelligence, the adult female had an extremely developed vanity. Information technology, in the stop, and ruined an outstanding personality. She wanted to go the queen of the entire Mediterranean, betting on Mark Antony.
He turned out to exist unable to implement the plans of his mistress into reality. And the Roman Democracy, which was in its prime, would never bow its head to a proud Egyptian woman with Greek heritage. All this became the reason for the death of an ambitious woman.
If she directed the energy of her lover in a different direction, then the story could be completely different. But in this instance, the current generations of people would not know anything about the mysterious queen of fabulous antiquity. It is very hard to achieve the memory of descendants. To do this, you need to do something grand and unusual. Cleopatra succeeded in this to the fullest, then she has been remembered for 2 thousand years.
Many volition agree that there is no more famous woman in history than Cleopatra. The world knew many keen rulers, wise and cruel, fatal beauties, famous actresses, legendary athletes and representatives of the art globe. But the queen of ancient Egypt Cleopatra eclipsed everyone. She was exceptional - the last of the rulers of a slap-up land located forth the banks of the Nile, a adult female of astonishing dazzler and charm.
Cleopatra, Queen of Arab republic of egypt (a short biography and a description of her appearance) is the focus of this article.
Pedigree
The bully ruler belonged to the Ptolemaic dynasty, founded by one of the generals of Alexander the Not bad. At that place is very petty information about the birth and childhood of Cleopatra. Information technology is known that she was i of the daughters of the Egyptian ruler Ptolemy XII Avlet. Sources of those years say that the male monarch had only i legitimate daughter, Berenice. Nearly likely, Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt in the future, was born in 69 BC. NS. from the concubine of Ptolemy. Nevertheless, the king himself was also illegitimate.
The rule of the dynasty has never been calm due to the constant struggle for power. Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, whose biography keeps many secrets, in babyhood witnessed the expulsion of her father from the country. Her sis Berenice becomes the ruler of Egypt. When, with the assistance of the Roman consul Gabinius, Ptolemy returned to his homeland, he began repressions against those who contributed to his removal from power. The offset victim of his anger was Berenice.
Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, learned her lesson from what had happened. In the future, she tried to eliminate all obstacles in her path in the face up of possible rivals. Blood ties did non stop her either: the death of one of the co-rulers of the queen, co-ordinate to researchers, was the work of her hands.
The offset of the reign
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, came to power legally in 51 BC. NS. She, together with her younger brother Ptolemy XIII, proclaimed the heirs of Ptolemy Auletes, according to the terminal volition. She was about 17-xviii years quondam, and the boy was even less - most 9. The young queen had to single-handedly comprehend the basics of government and diplomacy. At outset, she managed to remove her younger brother from the leadership of the country, but he managed to neutralize her older sister. Cleopatra was dethroned and expelled from the country. Power in the palace was concentrated in the hands of the eunuch Potin, the commander-in-principal of Achilles and the teacher of the young male monarch Theodatus.
The young queen did not humble herself and began to gather an army against her brother. Ptolemy, learning nearly this, went out with an ground forces to come across, to cake Cleopatra'south path to the land.
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, and Caesar: A Relationship Story
While brother and sister fought for power in Egypt, there was a bloody civil state of war in Rome, led by Julius Caesar and Gnei Pompey. The latter fled to Arab republic of egypt, where he intended to enlist the aid of Ptolemy, whose father owed the throne to a Roman senator. The young male monarch'southward advisers decided that helping Pompey would aggravate the situation in Egypt. A friendly letter of the alphabet was sent to him with a hope of support. In fact, it was decided after the landing of Pompey to impale him. In this human action of terrible treachery, people from the inner circle of the young king took part, and he looked at the murder of a Roman, continuing on the shore. By committing this atrocity, Ptolemy and his temporary workers wanted to show their loyalty to Caesar. Theodatus presented the head of the Roman senator and his ring to Gaius Julius when he arrived in Alexandria a few days later. According to ancient historians, the corking commander did non approve of what was washed to his enemy.
Caesar ordered Cleopatra and Ptolemy to disband their armies and come to him to investigate. It was non possible for the queen to get into the palace without fearfulness of being killed by enemies. Then she went for a flim-flam. A loyal homo carried her to Caesar's chambers in a linen bag. Afterward, the meeting of Cleopatra and the great commander volition be embellished, and the non-romantic sack volition be replaced with a carpet.
Caesar was fascinated by the young queen, and shortly a relationship began between them. Despite Ptolemy'south resistance, he alleged him and Cleopatra co-rulers, reminding the Alexandrians of their begetter's will. The eunuch Potin was non going to let the power out of his easily so easily. From the moment Caesar arrived in Alexandria, he turned the people confronting the Romans. He managed to raise an uprising. The Egyptian army, numbering 20 thousand soldiers, moved to Caesar'due south palace. This war was called the Alexandrian war. The Roman general had to fight at the head of a pocket-size army in the narrow streets of the city. He could not return to the ships - there was no way to suspension away from the Alexandrians who were pressing on the Romans. Then Caesar ordered the called-for of the enemy's fleet in society to open the fashion for his ground forces by sea. He could only hope for his legions hurrying to help from Syria. When they finally arrived, Ptolemy was killed in the battle. How exactly this happened is unknown. The participants in the boxing saw that the gunkhole on which the immature king was trying to escape was overloaded and capsized.
So Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, whose biography is unusually fascinating, became the sole ruler. She married her second brother, Ptolemy XIV, considering, according to the law of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a woman could not rule. But in fact, all ability in the country was concentrated in her hands.
Afterwards Caesar left for Rome, she bore him a son, Ptolemy Caesar. The bully commander did not forget the charming queen and after a while summoned her and her brother to the capital. They settled Cleopatra in i of Caesar'due south villas. Their relationship irritated the Romans. Rumors that he was going to marry an Egyptian and move the capital to Alexandria hastened the training of a conspiracy confronting him.
A month after the assassination of Caesar, Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, returned to her homeland. Her co-ruler, Ptolemy 14, dies shortly thereafter. About likely, he was sent on her orders, subsequently the nativity of her son, who did non desire to share power with anyone. The queen remembered well what happened to her father.
Mark Antony. X-yr affair with the Roman consul
With the death of Caesar in Rome, the struggle for ability began again. Cleopatra, as the autocratic queen of Arab republic of egypt, used all her cunning and resourcefulness in this confrontation. Consul Mark Anthony, who launched a campaign against the Parthians in the Due east, was in dire need of money. He sends for the Egyptian queen, intending to accuse her of helping the assassins of Julius Caesar. Cleopatra, having inquired from the arriving Roman officer about the habits and character of the consul, carefully prepared for the meeting. Enlightened of his want for luxury and vanity, she went to Antony in a richly decorated ship. The queen dressed herself every bit Aphrodite, and the maids portrayed nymphs.
Having invited the consul to her dinner, she denied all charges of treason. Anthony believed it easily, fascinated by the beauty and charm of the queen. Thus began one of the most famous romances in history. The human relationship betwixt Antony and Cleopatra lasted ten years. Now it is difficult to judge whether it was really a large beloved. It is known for certain that the matrimony was beneficial to both of them: the consul needed coin, and Cleopatra needed a powerful patron. She gave birth to iii children to Anthony, which speaks, at to the lowest degree, of the duration and stability of their relationship.
War with Octavian
Acquaintance with Cleopatra cost Antony get-go his political career, and then his life. Dear for her turned out to exist fatal for the Roman consul. Later meeting the queen, he was so fascinated past her that he went with Cleopatra to Alexandria. Hither Anthony spent the winter in amusement and feasts. While he was idle, Rome lost Syria and parts of Asia Minor as a result of the Parthian advance. Simply so did Antony leave the queen.
Over the next years, he fought with the Parthians, and Cleopatra, thanks to his victories, practically restored the Ptolemaic empire. In Rome, discontent was ripening that Antony was moving farther and farther from Roman traditions. Many saw a threat to Rome in Cleopatra's strong influence over the consul. This was taken reward of by Octavian, the adopted son of Caesar. Antony was his rival in the struggle for ability. Having learned from the defectors most the volition of the consul, Octavian publicly announced it. In it, Anthony declares the Egyptian queen his lawful wife and recognizes her children every bit his own. This news finally discredited the consul in the eyes of his compatriots. War broke out between Rome and Egypt. In 31 BC. NS. In the naval battle of Actium, Cleopatra, unable to withstand the stress, fled, leaving Antony'south fleet without support. He followed his honey, and the ground forces, left without command, surrendered.
The expiry of the queen
For the whole year after that, Cleopatra and Antony spent their time at feasts, doing nothing against Octavian. He is in the spring of 30 BC. NS. was already under the walls of Alexandria. On August one, Antony was informed that the queen had committed suicide. The consul, desperate at this news, tried to stab himself with a sword, just just inflicted a deep wound on himself. A few hours later on, bleeding and dying, he was taken to the barricaded chambers of Cleopatra. In the evening of the same mean solar day, he died in her arms.
The queen tried to amuse Octavian equally well, as in their fourth dimension Caesar and Antony. The future emperor of Rome came to her chambers, and she threw herself at his feet in one tunic, begging for mercy. Still, the words of Cleopatra, the queen of Arab republic of egypt, like her feminine charms, did non print Octavian. He just encouraged her and left. Afterward, the queen learned from a Roman officeholder that in a few days she was to be transported across Rome during the triumph of Octavian. Cleopatra wrote a letter of the alphabet and ordered that it exist handed over to the winner, Antony. In it, she bequeathed to coffin her with her hubby. The queen of Arab republic of egypt and 2 servants were institute dead by the people of Octavian on August 12, 30 BC. NS. In that location is a legend that Cleopatra used a poisonous snake to commit suicide, which was carried to her chambers in a basket of figs. This version seems doubtful, since the ophidian is not able to bite three people at once. According to the 2nd, more believable legend, the queen poisoned herself and the maids with toxicant stored in a hollow hairpin.
Octavian fulfilled the will of Cleopatra - their bodies with Antony were embalmed and laid to rest in the same grave.
Legends nigh the appearance of the famous ruler: historical truth or fiction?
Cleopatra, the queen of Arab republic of egypt, whose photograph, of course, does not exist, for many centuries was considered an amazing beauty. How else could one explain the ease with which she won the hearts of the peachy commanders, Caesar and Antony? But if you study Plutarch'south information well-nigh her, you will be surprised to find out that her contemporaries did not consider her a beauty at all. But at the same fourth dimension, her charm, very beautiful voice and mind were noted. Cleopatra, no doubtfulness, possessed charm and attracted men to her, even without existence a bright charm.
The few surviving images of the queen on coins and a marble bust from Shershell testify a woman with wavy hair and a crooked nose. By modern standards, such an appearance is not considered incredibly beautiful, but rather ordinary.
Scientists have made attempts to reconstruct the queen's advent on the ground of existing images, only their reliability is in great doubt.
Egyptian ruler in art
The story of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, has inspired artists for millennia. In fiction, many works are devoted to her, the most famous of which are Shakespeare'due south tragedy and the play by Bernard Shaw. But most of all, the prototype of the great ruler is represented in the visual arts.
A woman of amazing beauty and intelligence - such was Cleopatra, the queen of Arab republic of egypt. Pictures defended to this astonishing adult female were painted past many famous painters. On each canvas, the queen is presented in the mode the artists drew her in their imaginations.
In Michelangelo, she is depicted not with European, simply, rather, with negroid facial features. Eugene Delacroix portrayed her seated in thought.
In the painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo "The Banquet of Cleopatra", the queen appears dressed in a clothes of European cut (photo to a higher place). In a similar outfit, she can be seen on another canvas of the creative person - "The Meeting of Anthony and Cleopatra."
Simply the nigh beloved motive in painting was the expiry of Cleopatra.
Actresses who played the role of the great ruler
Cinematography fabricated its contribution to the romanticization of the paradigm of Cleopatra. More than xx paintings are dedicated to her, in which the famous queen was played past the almost cute actresses in the world. Amid them were Vivien Leigh, Sophia Loren, Elizabeth Taylor, Monica Bellucci.
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt - Biography for Children and Younger Schoolchildren
The story of the last ruler of a peachy country on the banks of the Nile will be of interest to little history buffs. A short story about Cleopatra is suitable for them - what dynasty she belonged to, who patronized the queen and where her burying is now located. The mystery of the tomb of the bully ruler of the ancient world volition be of interest to children who love everything unknown and unusual. Scientists do non know where Cleopatra and Antony were buried. If their burial is ever establish, the significance of this discovery can exist compared only with the find of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
The mistress of Julius Caesar and the married woman of Mark Antony, a gambling disputant, an adventurer, and finally a goddess. "Around the World" figured out whether information technology is true that ...
Cleopatra was an Egyptian
Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra. 1963 twelvemonth
Actually No
The ancestors of the queen - the Macedonians, the inhabitants of the Balkans, who spoke a dialect of the ancient Greek linguistic communication - came to Arab republic of egypt at the forefront of the regular army of Alexander the Great. His acquaintance Ptolemy I became the kickoff pharaoh of the Macedonian dynasty. According to the ancient Egyptian custom, the descendants of Ptolemy entered into marriages only within the family: the sons-heirs married their sisters. However, by the time of the nascency of Cleopatra in 69 BC. NS. the dynasty ruled Egypt for nearly 250 years. For several centuries, local Macedonian claret could also be diluted, but this was non officially recognized.
Cleopatra reigned alone
A all the same from the cartoon "Asterix and Cleopatra". 1968 year
No
Cleopatra VII successively inverse three co-rulers: two brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy Xiv, who were married to her, and from 44 BC. NS. - the son of Julius Caesar, Caesarion.
Cleopatra killed ii famous Roman generals
The assassination of Pompey. Analogy by Heinrich Leuthemann. Terminate of the 19th century
Yep
Having lost in 48 BC. NS. Julius Caesar in the struggle for power in Rome, Gnaeus Pompey the Nifty fled to Egypt, where just at this time Cleopatra was fighting for the throne with her brother-married man Ptolemy XIII. Wanting to win Caesar to his side, the pharaoh ordered to kill Pompey as soon as he went ashore. In the 30s BC. NS. in that location was a conflict between the adopted son of Caesar, Octavian, and the commander Mark Anthony, who married Cleopatra. Octavian wanted to addendum Egypt to the Roman territories, with which, of course, the queen could non agree. The war was inevitable. Mark Antony defended the interests of his beloved wife and lost all the battles. To avoid captivity and shame, he committed suicide.
Exhibits of the Berlin exhibition "The Sunken Treasures of Egypt": a statue of Isis and, possibly, a bust of Ptolemy 15
Inscription from the Temple of Horus "Ptolemy Xiii". Then, in a cartouche, they made out the names of the pharaohs
Cleopatra was considered a goddess
Money with the profile of Cleopatra VII. 51-30 BC NS.
Yes
From the center of the 3 century BC. NS. pharaohs from the Ptolemaic dynasty were deified after accretion to the throne, and their spouses with them. Cleopatra claimed more: she identified herself with Isis, i of the main Egyptian goddesses. Even on the coins minted by the queen, she called herself New Isis.
Cleopatra was brought to Julius Caesar in a carpeting
A still from the film "Cleopatra". 1963 twelvemonth
No
This misconception "went public" thanks to a spectacular scene from a Hollywood movie: a patterned carpet is rolled in front of Julius Caesar (actor Rex Harrison), and inside is the queen (played past Elizabeth Taylor). The story of how Cleopatra smuggled into Caesar's palace to persuade the commander to support her in the struggle for power unbeknownst to her blood brother is from the writer Plutarch of the 1st-2nd centuries: there the queen's supporter carried her in a laundry handbag. However, in works of the 19th century, instead of a handbag, a carpet appears in this plot. Peradventure the matter is in the translation of Plutarch's works, published in 1770 by the Langhorn brothers: information technology says that Cleopatra wrapped herself in carpet... In Samuel Johnson'southward Explanatory Lexicon of the English Language (1768), this discussion means "cover of different colors", in modern English - "carpet".
Cleopatra dissolves a fabulously expensive pearl in vinegar on a bet
Unlikely
Pliny the Elder, a Roman author of the 1st century, told in Natural History how the queen fabricated a bet with Marking Antony that she would consume a huge sum of 10 million sesterces in one meal, and won the argument by diluting i of the 2 largest pearls in the world in vinegar and after drinking the solution. The modern antique scholar Prudence Jones has empirically found out that pearls weighing about 1 gram dissolve in vino vinegar with an acetic acid concentration of 5% from 24 to 36 hours - too much for one lunch. Jones suggested that Cleopatra may have previously ground the pearl to speed upwards the reaction, but Pliny has no discussion on this trick. It is likewise strange that Antony'south political opponent, the poet Horace, in "Satyrs", published in the year of the death of the commander and his purple wife, condemned Clodius, the son of the role player Aesop, who had drunk the dissolved pearl, merely did not mention Cleopatra'due south bet.
Cleopatra took milk baths, and this required milking 700 donkeys
A still from the film "Asterix and Obelix. Mission "Cleopatra". Monica Bellucci as Queen. 2002 year
No
Data about such a recipe for dazzler, allegedly invented by the Egyptian queen, is found on popular women's Internet sites with reference to Hippocrates, so to Pliny the Elder. Hippocrates lived about iv centuries earlier Cleopatra. Pliny wrote that the empress Poppaea Sabina, who was born in the new era, was the start to practise milk baths as a remedy for wrinkles. Still, other doctors of antiquity (Galen, Aetius) cited recipes for various drugs, in particular against dandruff and baldness, from a work written by a sure Cleopatra. However, historians debate whether information technology was Cleopatra VII or her namesake.
Cleopatra committed suicide out of love
"Death of Cleopatra". Guido Cagnacci. 1661-1662 years
Unlikely
The romantic legend, according to which the queen committed suicide, being unable to survive the death of Marking Anthony, little corresponds to what is known from historical sources about the nature of this woman and the circumstances of her death. Plutarch told nigh the last days of Cleopatra, referring to the notes of her dr.. According to Plutarch, a few days afterwards Antony'south suicide, Cleopatra was informed that she would presently go to Rome. This could mean just one thing: the queen will have to participate in the triumph of Octavian, who conquered Egypt - as a trophy. Probably Cleopatra chose to die to avoid shame.
Obelisks known as Cleopatra's Needles were created during her reign.
Cleopatra'southward Needle on the Thames Embankment in London
No
The so-chosen ancient Egyptian monument, erected in 1836 on the Identify de la Concorde in Paris, was originally erected in Luxor during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses 2, 12 centuries before the birth of Cleopatra Seven. Paired obelisks, 1 of which today stands on the banks of the Thames in London, and the other in Central Park in New York, were created for Thutmose Three in the 15th century BC. NS. They arrived in London and New York in 1878 and 1880, respectively.
Photo: Alamy (x4) / Legion-media, Diomedia (x2), Alamy (x2) / Legion-media, Diomedia (x2), AFP / East News, Alamy (x2) / Legion-Media, Diomedia, iStock
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